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General Resources
1. ✅ Cell & Molecular Biology
2. ✅ Genetics
3. ✅ Bioinformatics
4. ✅ Plant computational Biology
5. ✅ Plant Physiology
6. ✅ Evolution
7. ✅ Animal Physiology
8. ✅ Animal Anatomy
9. ✅ Plant Anatomy
10. ✅ Ecology
11. ✅ Ethology
12. Biosystematics

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International Biology Olympiad
- IBO 2022
  - Theoretical 1
    
    Leaderboard — Theoretical 1
    
    Q1 — Alfalfa Mosaic Virus — m6A Demethylation & Viral Replication
    
    Q10 — 3D Bioprinting — Cell Viability, Bioluminescence, and Confocal Imaging
    
    Q11 — Heart Decellularization — Fish vs. Rat Cannulation
    
    Q12 — iPSC/hESC Cardiomyocyte Grafts After Myocardial Infarction
    
    Q13 — 3D Skin Substitute — Layered Tissue Engineering
    
    Q14 — Water Potential — Osmosis Between Three Plant Cells
    
    Q15 — Plant Life Cycle — Heterospory and Gametophyte Forms
    
    Q16 — Flower Structure — Symmetry, Pollination, and Calyx
    
    Q17 — Plant Organ Modifications — Shoot vs. Leaf Origin
    
    Q18 — Mycorrhizal Symbiosis — Ecto-, Endo-, and Ectendomycorrhiza
    
    Q19 — Plant Life Cycles — Water-Dependent Fertilization
    
    Q2 — Enzyme Kinetics — Time to Completion vs Temperature
    
    Q20 — Tree Age Estimation — Annual Ring Growth
    
    Q21 — Biological Samples — Identifying Diverse Organisms
    
    Q22 — Social Stress Response in Mice — Dominance Hierarchy
    
    Q23 — Gut Microbiome — Bacterial Crossing of the Blood-Brain Barrier
    
    Q24 — Comparative Liver Anatomy — Zebrafish vs. Human
    
    Q25 — Oxytocin and Cortisol — Touch vs. Voice Contact in Girls
    
    Q26 — Cardiac Cycle — Valve Timing and Pressure Changes
    
    Q27 — Saiga Antelope — Nose Adaptations for Cold, Dust, and Signalling
    
    Q28 — Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
    
    Q29 — The Bohr Effect — Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation
    
    Q3 — Amylase Activity — Starch Hydrolysis at 50–70°C
    
    Q30 — Bone Marrow Conversion — Red vs. Yellow Marrow With Age
    
    Q31 — Retina Cell Layers — Direction of Light and Cell Types
    
    Q32 — Shiverer Mutation — Optic Nerve Myelin
    
    Q33 — Dormouse Litters — Growth Rate and Energy Intake
    
    Q34 — Cichlid Fish — Anal Fin Egg-Spot Signalling
    
    Q35 — Ninespine Stickleback — Sexual Dimorphism and Sneaker Males
    
    Q36 — Aethia cristatella — Courtship Display on Rocks
    
    Q37 — ABO Blood Groups — H Antigen and the Bombay Phenotype
    
    Q38 — Modes of Natural Selection — Frequency Distribution Curves
    
    Q39 — Mutation Rates — Asexual vs. Sexual Yeast Populations
    
    Q4 — Enzyme Inhibition — Substrate Concentration vs Rate Curves
    
    Q40 — Elephants, LIF6, and Cancer Resistance
    
    Q41 — Angelman Syndrome — Genomic Imprinting Pedigree
    
    Q42 — Thyrocyte Adenylyl Cyclase — TSH and VIP/PACAP Pathways
    
    Q43 — Giraffe FGFRL1 — Cardiovascular and Skeletal Adaptations
    
    Q44 — Macromutations and Morphogenesis — A1/A2/M Gene Model
    
    Q45 — Drosophila Color Preference and Circadian Activity
    
    Q46 — Three-Toed Sloth Fur Ecosystem — Moths, Algae, and Fungi
    
    Q47 — Codling Moth — Temperature/Humidity Ecological Niche
    
    Q48 — Sockeye Salmon — Life Stages and Chukchi Population Age Structure
    
    Q49 — Biological Nitrogen Fixation — Diazotrophs and Nitrogenase
    
    Q5 — Meselson–Stahl Experiment — DNA Replication Modes
    
    Q6 — Cell Membrane Transport — Arrows X, Y, Z
    
    Q7 — Apoptosis — p53/Bax/Bcl-2 Pathway Under Hypoxia
    
    Q8 — Ethidium Bromide — DNA Binding and Intercalation
    
    Q9 — Organ-on-a-Chip — Lung-on-a-Chip & Pulmonary Oedema Model
    
    Timed Attempt — Theoretical 1
  - Theoretical 2
    
    Leaderboard — Theoretical 2
    
    Q100 — Cold-Exposure Duration, Acclimation and Mollusc Survival
    
    Q51 — Cancer Cell Metabolism — Aerobic Glycolysis and the Warburg Effect
    
    Q52 — Cryopyrin Inflammasome — Western Blot of WT and Mutant Variants
    
    Q53 — Telomerase — Mechanism of Telomere Extension
    
    Q54 — NAD(P)H Fluorescence During the Aerobic–Anaerobic Transition in Yeast
    
    Q55 — X-Irradiation of Yeast — NAD(P)H Fluorescence and Metabolic Recovery
    
    Q56 — Lysosomal Exocytosis in Cancer Cells
    
    Q57 — PIP2/PIP3 Signaling in T Cells — PTEN and Antigen Dose
    
    Q58 — TAK1 Kinase and Takinib — Competitive vs Non-Competitive Inhibition
    
    Q59 — Mitochondrial Innate Immunity — Yme1L, SLC25A33 and mtDNA Release
    
    Q60 — Alzheimer's Disease — APP Processing by α-, β- and γ-Secretases
    
    Q61 — RNA Virus Replication Cycles — Genome Classification
    
    Q62 — Pine Needle Cross-Section — Resin Duct and Mesophyll
    
    Q63 — Land Plant Phylogeny — Evaluating Four Cladograms
    
    Q64 — The C4 Rice Project — Engineering C4 Photosynthesis into a C3 Crop
    
    Q65 — Arabidopsis Sun vs Shade Leaves — Cross-Section Comparison
    
    Q66 — Transpiration Rate Differences Between Leaf Surfaces
    
    Q67 — Root Water Transport Pathways — Apoplast vs Symplast
    
    Q68 — Pressure-Flow Model of Phloem Sucrose Transport
    
    Q69 — Mechanosensitive Ion Channels — OSCA vs Piezo1
    
    Q70 — Land Plant Phylogeny and Shared Derived Characters
    
    Q71 — Hippo Pathway Signaling in Blastocyst Implantation
    
    Q72 — Mechanisms of Synaptic Specificity
    
    Q73 — PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Signaling
    
    Q74 — Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury
    
    Q75 — Plasma Enzyme Diagnostics After Myocardial Infarction
    
    Q76 — Insulin and Glucagon Dynamics in Type 2 Diabetes
    
    Q77 — Mitochondrial Calcium Handling in Synaptic Plasticity and Aging
    
    Q78 — Cellular Response to DNA Damage in Cancer
    
    Q79 — Primary vs Secondary Antibody Response
    
    Q80 — Dopamine and GABA Neuron Activity in Stress-Induced Anhedonia
    
    Q81 — Blue Light, Melanopsin and the Circadian Phase-Shift Response
    
    Q82 — Experimental Design Limits — Herbal Treatment and Statin Co-Therapy
    
    Q83 — Gut Microbiome and Lifespan in Drosophila
    
    Q84 — Dietary Fat, Sucrose and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Rats
    
    Q85 — The methuselah Mutation and Stress Resistance in Drosophila
    
    Q86 — Giant Panda Fecal-Smearing Behavior and the TRPM8 Cold Receptor
    
    Q87 — Rearing Environment and Social Bonds in Ravens
    
    Q88 — Free Choice vs Random Union — Assortative Mating in Pigeons
    
    Q89 — Amplexus and Sperm Competition in Newts
    
    Q90 — Cannibalism and Larval-Stage Duration in Invasive Cane Toads
    
    Q91 — Song Recognition Between Island Populations of Tree Finches
    
    Q92 — Hawk-Dove-Retaliator Game Theory and Evolutionarily Stable Strategies
    
    Q93 — Worker Sterility and Kin Selection in Social Insects
    
    Q94 — Canine Pedigree Analysis of a Monogenic Disease
    
    Q95 — Hardy-Weinberg Calculations for Familial Mediterranean Fever
    
    Q96 — Transcriptome-Based Drug Repurposing — Infliximab Across Four Diseases
    
    Q97 — Telomerase-Dependent vs Alternative Telomere Lengthening in Testis
    
    Q98 — Grape Domestication and Phylogeography from SNP Data
    
    Q99 — Competitive Displacement Between Two Hare Species in Newfoundland
    
    Timed Attempt — Theoretical 2
- IBO 2024
  - Theoretical A
    
    Leaderboard — Theoretical A
    
    Q1 — Tulip Parsimony and Morphological Characters
    
    Q10 — Magnetotactic Bacteria Navigation
    
    Q11 — Directed Evolution of Enzyme D (NADH-Dependent)
    
    Q12 — DMSO₄ Poisoning Case Study
    
    Q13 — Nitrogen Limitation of Legumes in Steppes
    
    Q14 — Latitudinal Diversity Gradient: Three Hypotheses
    
    Q15 — ENSO and Ecosystem Effects
    
    Q16 — Fractal Geometry and Scale-Dependent Resource Availability
    
    Q17 — Water Scarcity Index (Rws) and Solutions
    
    Q18 — Animal Road Barrier Effect (Traffic Behavior Types)
    
    Q19 — Cumulative Cultural Evolution in Rock Pigeons
    
    Q2 — Strigiformes (Owls) Phylogenetic Identification
    
    Q20 — Haploid/Diploid Organisms and Multi-Allele Genetics
    
    Q21 — Out-of-Africa Human Genetic Diversity and Effective Population Size
    
    Q22 — ADH1B Allele Geography and Ethanol Metabolism
    
    Q23 — Drosophila Allele Frequency Experiment and Stabilizing Selection
    
    Q24 — Codon Usage Bias
    
    Q25 — Mitochondrial RNase P Mutations and COXPD54
    
    Q26 — Mass Extinctions and Carbon Cycle Perturbations
    
    Q27 — Beta-Lactamase Mutational Trajectories and Epistasis
    
    Q28 — Distribution of Fitness Effects and Effective Population Size
    
    Q29 — Endogenous Retroviruses and Retrotransposons
    
    Q3 — Bacterial Phylogenomics (RNA Polymerase vs Transposase)
    
    Q30 — Gibberellin Transport and Root Endodermis Suberization
    
    Q31 — Photorespiration Pathway
    
    Q32 — Poaceae Stomata Synchronization Mechanism
    
    Q33 — Xanthophyll Cycle and Photoprotection
    
    Q34 — Maize Leaf Carbohydrate Allocation
    
    Q35 — Sequoia Tree Water Use Strategies
    
    Q36 — Aquatic Carbon Uptake
    
    Q37 — Root Water Movement and Osmotic Regulation
    
    Q38 — ECG Interpretation
    
    Q39 — Snow Leopard Hemoglobin at High Altitude
    
    Q4 — Tumor Microenvironment: OCR and Extracellular pH
    
    Q40 — Circadian Misalignment in Mice
    
    Q41 — Octopus Active Sleep and Circadian Control
    
    Q42 — Electric Eel Prey Detection
    
    Q43 — Saiga Nasal Anatomy and Wolf Predation
    
    Q44 — TLR7/8 Activation in Sperm Sex Sorting
    
    Q45 — Vascularized Cardiac Tissue In Vitro
    
    Q46 — Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in Hippocampal Neurons
    
    Q47 — Cost of Transport in Locomotion
    
    Q48 — Helium Dilution Test for Residual Volume
    
    Q49 — Esophageal Doppler Monitoring
    
    Q5 — Antibody Mutagenesis and Cardiac Glycoside Binding (ELISA)
    
    Q50 — Countercurrent System and Nephron Function
    
    Q6 — Ramachandran Plot and Peptide Bond Geometry
    
    Q7 — Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
    
    Q8 — IGF2-H19 Imprinting and CTCF Loops
    
    Q9 — ATAD1 Mitochondrial ATPase (Cryo-EM Study)
    
    Timed Attempt — Theoretical A
  - Theoretical B
    
    Leaderboard — Theoretical B
    
    Q1 — Dichotomous Key Branching & Taxonomic Resolution
    
    Q10 — Heterodimer Formation, Ligand Signaling, and Stem Cell Differentiation
    
    Q11 — Proteasome vs. Lysosome Degradation and Protein Half-Life
    
    Q12 — FRET-Based Protease Activity and Inhibitor Mechanism
    
    Q13 — Shelterin, the T-loop, and Chromosome Bridge Formation
    
    Q14 — Aral Sea Food-Chain Restoration and Salinity Tolerance
    
    Q15 — Lotka-Volterra Competition Lines and Coexistence Outcomes
    
    Q16 — Niche Dimensions and Stipa capillata Drought Adaptation
    
    Q17 — Incompatible Insect Technique and Wolbachia-Induced Cytoplasmic Incompatibility
    
    Q18 — Ant Invasion, Visibility, and a Lion-Zebra-Buffalo Trophic Cascade
    
    Q19 — Heat-Balling Honeybee Defense Against Hornets
    
    Q2 — Red Deer mtDNA Phylogeny & Bootstrap Support
    
    Q20 — Female Body Mass, Male Fighting, and Mating Outcomes in Crickets
    
    Q21 — Cannibalism Probability and Injury Bias in Japanese Mitten Crabs
    
    Q22 — Genomic Imprinting at the IGF2-H19 Locus
    
    Q23 — ACE2/CTS1 Mutations and Multicellularity in Yeast
    
    Q24 — Robertsonian Translocation and Chromosome 14/21 Anomalies
    
    Q25 — X-Linked Trait Allele Mixing and Pedigree Probability
    
    Q26 — Intratumor Heterogeneity and Clonal Evolution Under Treatment
    
    Q27 — PCR Mapping of Genomic Rearrangements in Genes H and K
    
    Q28 — Epistasis Between Two Hair-Pigmentation Genes
    
    Q29 — Cas9 Target Sites, Donor Design, and Mutation Severity
    
    Q3 — BRCA1/53BP1 and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathway Choice
    
    Q30 — Linked Genes Controlling Fruit Fly Wing Pigmentation
    
    Q31 — Linkage Disequilibrium Between M* and Flanking Loci R/Q
    
    Q32 — Venus Flytrap Closure: Temperature and Chemical Effects
    
    Q33 — PtrWOX4a and PtrVCS2 in Vascular Cambium Proliferation
    
    Q34 — GAPLESS Proteins and Apoplastic Transport in Roots
    
    Q35 — Phytochrome B States, Temperature, and Nuclear Bodies
    
    Q36 — CONSTANS, Photoperiod, and Seed Mass
    
    Q37 — Auxin Transport and Apical Dominance
    
    Q38 — Chemical A, Gibberellin, and Wheat Seed Germination
    
    Q39 — Intermittent Claudication and Cardiovascular Drug Treatments
    
    Q4 — Calcium Channel Signaling in Pancreatic Beta Cells
    
    Q40 — Pharmacokinetics: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
    
    Q41 — Burmese Python Heart Mass Changes After Feeding
    
    Q42 — The Starling Equation and Capillary Fluid Exchange
    
    Q43 — Liver Lobule Zonation and Bile Flow
    
    Q44 — Bee Thermoregulation and Body-Size Scaling
    
    Q45 — COPD Lung Volume Changes and Pressure-Volume Curves
    
    Q46 — Osmotic and Chemical Stress in a Marine Tardigrade
    
    Q47 — Cancer Immunotherapy and Checkpoint Inhibitors
    
    Q48 — mRNA Nucleotide Modifications and Vaccine Design
    
    Q49 — CCHa1, Enteroendocrine Cells, and Sleep Arousal in Drosophila
    
    Q5 — Ketogenic Diet Metabolism and Catecholamine Seizure Latency
    
    Q50 — Bicoid, Exuperantia, and Body Axis Determination in Drosophila
    
    Q6 — ProQC — Synthetic Toehold-Switch Quality Control of Translation
    
    Q7 — DNA Fiber Assay and Replication Fork Progression
    
    Q8 — Identifying DNA-Metabolism Enzymes from a Gel Assay
    
    Q9 — Compound X, Polyploidy, and Checkpoint Kinases A/B
    
    Timed Attempt — Theoretical B
Leaderboard
Taiwanese Biology Olympiad
- TBO 2023

First Stage

Exam Exam Answer

No.	Title	Subjects	Points
Q1	Sample Question 1 (placeholder)	—	—	PDF
Q2	Sample Question 2 (placeholder)	—	—	PDF
Q3	Sample Question 3 (placeholder)	—	—	PDF

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